Curriculum section
Citta Section
Abhidhamma - The profound teaching that is exceptionally superior to the Suttanta and Vinaya teachings.
Abhidhammattha - The 5 entities expounded in the 7 books of Abhidhamma (Citta, Cetasika, Rūpa, Nibbāna, Paññatti).
Paramattha (4) - The ultimate, supreme realities (Citta, Cetasika, Rūpa, Nibbāna).
Definitions
Citta - The nature that cognizes an object.
Cetasika - The mental factors that arise together with consciousness and influence it.
Rūpa - The nature that is constantly altering and decaying.
Nibbāna - The nature of liberation from craving and attachment.
Paññatti - Conventional terms and concepts established by common usage.
About Citta (Consciousness)
It is called Citta because it cognizes an object.
Based on its sphere or plane of existence, Citta is classified as:
Kāmāvacara Citta (54), Rūpāvacara Citta (15), Arūpāvacara Citta (12), Lokuttara Citta (8/40).
Definitions
1. Kāmāvacara Citta - The 54 types of consciousness that mostly frequent the sensuous sphere (Kāma-bhūmi).
2. Rūpāvacara Citta - The 15 types of consciousness that mostly frequent the fine-material sphere (Rūpa-bhūmi).
3. Arūpāvacara Citta - The 12 types of consciousness that mostly frequent the immaterial sphere (Arūpa-bhūmi).
4. Lokuttara Citta - The 8 types of consciousness that transcend the world. In brief, there are 89 Cittas.
Alternatively, Lokuttara Citta can be counted as 40, making a total of 121 Cittas in detail.
Kāmāvacara Citta (54 types)
1. Akusala Citta (12 types of unwholesome consciousness)
2. Ahetuka Citta (18 types of rootless consciousness)
3. Kāmasobhana Citta (24 types of sensuous beautiful consciousness)
Akusala Citta (12 types)
(a) Lobha - mūla Citta (8 types rooted in greed)
(b) Dosa - mūla Citta (2 types rooted in hatred)
(c) Moha - mūla Citta (2 types rooted in delusion)
Total (12) types.
(a) Lobha-mūla Citta (8 types)
1. Somanassa - sahagataṃ diṭṭhigata-sampayuttaṃ asaṅkhārika-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by joy, associated with wrong view, unprompted).
2. Somanassa - sahagataṃ diṭṭhigata-sampayuttaṃ sasaṅkhārika-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by joy, associated with wrong view, prompted).
3. Somanassa - sahagataṃ diṭṭhigata-vippayuttaṃ asaṅkhārika-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by joy, dissociated from wrong view, unprompted).
4. Somanassa - sahagataṃ diṭṭhigata-vippayuttaṃ sasaṅkhārika-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by joy, dissociated from wrong view, prompted).
5. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ diṭṭhigata-sampayuttaṃ asaṅkhārika-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by equanimity, associated with wrong view, unprompted).
6. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ diṭṭhigata-sampayuttaṃ sasaṅkhārika-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by equanimity, associated with wrong view, prompted).
7. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ diṭṭhigata-vippayuttaṃ asaṅkhārika-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by equanimity, dissociated from wrong view, unprompted).
8. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ diṭṭhigata-vippayuttaṃ sasaṅkhārika-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by equanimity, dissociated from wrong view, prompted) — Total 8 types.
Notes
(a) Vedanā - bheda - There are 5 different types of feeling (vedanā):
1. Sukha - vedanā - Physical pleasure
2. Dukkha - vedanā - Physical pain
3. Somanassa - vedanā - Mental joy
4. Domanassa - vedanā - Mental displeasure
5. Upekkhā - vedanā - Neutral feeling
Here, they are divided into 2 types by vedanā-bheda:
4 Somanassa - vedanā cittas, 4 Upekkhā-vedanā cittas.
(b) Sampayoga - bheda - By association: 4 Diṭṭhi-sampayutta cittas, 4 Diṭṭhi-vippayutta cittas.
(c) Saṅkhāra - bheda - By prompting: 4 Asaṅkhārika cittas, 4 Sasaṅkhārika cittas.
Definitions
Akusala - Unwholesome. The kamma-consciousness that produces bad, faulty results.
Somanassa - Joyful consciousness.
Upekkhā - Neutral feeling, not experiencing pleasure or displeasure - an indifferent consciousness.
Diṭṭhi - Wrong view consciousness.
Asaṅkhārika - Unprompted, sharp, spontaneous consciousness without needing instigation.
Sasaṅkhārika - Prompted, sluggish consciousness requiring instigation.
Sahagata - Arising together; Sampayutta - Associated together.
(b) Dosa-mūla Citta (2 types)
1. Domanassa - sahagataṃ paṭigha-sampayuttaṃ asaṅkhārika-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by displeasure, associated with aversion, unprompted).
2. Domanassa - sahagataṃ paṭigha-sampayuttaṃ sasaṅkhārika-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by displeasure, associated with aversion, prompted).
(c) Moha-mūla Citta (2 types)
1. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ vicikicchā-sampayutta-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by equanimity, associated with doubt).
2. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ uddhacca-sampayutta-cittaṃ (One consciousness accompanied by equanimity, associated with restlessness).
Total - Akusala Citta (12 types).
Notes
This is the classification by (a) Mūla - bheda.
Mūla - Root, Bheda - Classification.
Lobha - mūla - 8 consciousnesses rooted in greed.
Dosa - mūla - 2 consciousnesses rooted in hatred.
Moha - mūla - 2 consciousnesses rooted in delusion.
Definitions
Lobha - Craving, attachment.
Dosa - Anger, fury.
Paṭigha - Aversion, vindictiveness.
Moha - Delusion, not knowing reality as it is.
Vicikicchā - Skeptical doubt.
Uddhacca - Restlessness, distraction.
Akusala - mūla - The 3 unwholesome roots: Lobha, Dosa, Moha.
Furthermore, by (b) Vedanā - bheda:
Somanassa - vedanā citta (4)
Domanassa - vedanā citta (2)
Upekkhā - vedanā citta (6)
By (c) Sampayoga - bheda:
Sampayutta citta (8)
Vippayutta citta (4) = Total (12)
By (d) Saṅkhāra - bheda:
Asaṅkhārika citta (5)
Sasaṅkhārika citta (5)
Saṅkhāra - vimutta citta (2) = Total (12)
These should be analyzed in detail.
Exercise Questions
1. What is Akusala? Please answer.
2. Describe the Abhidhammattha and Paramattha dhammas respectively.
3. State the 3 Akusala roots along with their meanings.
4. Among the 12 Akusala cittas, state only the quantities of the following:
(a) Somanassa - sahagata citta
(b) Paṭigha - sampayutta citta
(c) Diṭṭhigata - sampayutta citta
(d) Vicikicchā - sampayutta citta
(e) Sasaṅkhārika citta
(f) Saṅkhāra - vimutta citta
Ahetuka Citta (18 types) — (a) Akusala-vipāka Citta (7 types)
1. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ cakkhu-viññāṇaṃ (One eye-consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
2. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ sota-viññāṇaṃ (One ear-consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
3. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ ghāna-viññāṇaṃ (One nose-consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
4. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ jivhā-viññāṇaṃ (One tongue-consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
5. Dukkha - sahagataṃ kāya-viññāṇaṃ (One body-consciousness accompanied by pain).
6. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ sampaṭicchanaṃ (One receiving consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
7. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ santīraṇaṃ (One investigating consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
(b) Ahetuka Kusala-vipāka Citta (8 types)
1. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ cakkhu-viññāṇaṃ (One eye-consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
2. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ sota-viññāṇaṃ (One ear-consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
3. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ ghāna-viññāṇaṃ (One nose-consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
4. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ jivhā-viññāṇaṃ (One tongue-consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
5. Sukha - sahagataṃ kāya-viññāṇaṃ (One body-consciousness accompanied by pleasure).
6. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ sampaṭicchanaṃ (One receiving consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
7. Somanassa - sahagataṃ santīraṇaṃ (One investigating consciousness accompanied by joy).
8. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ santīraṇaṃ (One investigating consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
(c) Ahetuka Kiriya Citta (3 types)
1. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ pañcadvārāvajjanaṃ (One five-door adverting consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
2. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ manodvārāvajjanaṃ (One mind-door adverting consciousness accompanied by equanimity).
3. Somanassa - sahagataṃ hasituppādaṃ (One smile-producing consciousness accompanied by joy).
Definitions
Ahetuka Citta - Consciousness devoid of the 6 roots: lobha, dosa, moha, alobha, adosa, and amoha.
Akusala - vipāka - Resultant consciousness of unwholesome kamma.
Kusala - vipāka Citta - Resultant consciousness of wholesome kamma.
Kiriya Citta - Functional consciousness (mere action).
Cakkhu - viññāṇa Citta - Eye-consciousness (seeing).
Sota - viññāṇa Citta - Ear-consciousness (hearing).
Ghāna - viññāṇa Citta - Nose-consciousness (smelling).
Jivhā - viññāṇa Citta - Tongue-consciousness (tasting).
Kāya - viññāṇa Citta - Body-consciousness (touching).
Sampaṭicchana Citta - Receiving consciousness.
Santīraṇa Citta - Investigating consciousness.
Pañcadvārāvajjana Citta - Five-door adverting consciousness.
Manodvārāvajjana Citta - Mind-door adverting consciousness.
Hasituppāda - Smile-producing consciousness.
The 18 Ahetuka cittas by:
(a) Jāti - bheda
Vipāka citta (15 types)
Kiriya citta (3 types)
Total (18) types.
(b) Vedanā - bheda
Sukha - vedanā citta (1 type)
Dukkha - vedanā citta (1 type)
Somanassa - vedanā citta (2 types)
Upekkhā - vedanā citta (14 types)
Total (18) types.
Exercise Questions
1. Explain the wholesome resultant consciousness that is distinct from unwholesome resultant consciousness.
2. Comprehensively list the eye, ear, and nose consciousnesses the student encounters daily.
3. State the Ahetuka Somanassa cittas.
4. State only the quantities of: (a) Kusala - vipāka investigating consciousness, (b) Akusala-vipāka investigating consciousness, (c) Receiving consciousness, (d) Adverting consciousness, (e) Smile-producing consciousness.
Asobhana Citta (30 types)
The 12 Akusala Cittas and 18 Ahetuka Cittas are not included in Sobhana Citta, therefore they are called Asobhana Citta (Non-beautiful consciousness).
Those 30 Asobhana Cittas are classified by:
(a) Jāti - bheda:
Akusala (12)
Vipāka citta (15)
Kiriya citta (3) = Total (30) types.
(b) Vedanā - bheda:
Sukha (1), Dukkha (1), Somanassa (6)
Domanassa (2), Upekkhā (20) = Total (30) types. Analyze in detail.
Definitions
Because they are other than beautiful consciousness (Sobhana Citta), they are called Asobhana Citta.
Kāmasobhana Citta (24 types)
(a) Mahā - kusala Citta (8 types)
(b) Mahā - vipāka Citta (8 types)
(c) Mahā - kiriya Citta (8 types)
(a) Mahā - kusala Citta (8 types)
1. Somanassa - sahagataṃ ñāṇa-sampayuttaṃ asaṅkhārika-cittaṃ
2. Somanassa - sahagataṃ ñāṇa-sampayuttaṃ sasaṅkhārika-cittaṃ
3. Somanassa - sahagataṃ ñāṇa-vippayuttaṃ asaṅkhārika-cittaṃ
4. Somanassa - sahagataṃ ñāṇa-vippayuttaṃ sasaṅkhārika-cittaṃ
5. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ ñāṇa-sampayuttaṃ asaṅkhārika-cittaṃ
6. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ ñāṇa-sampayuttaṃ sasaṅkhārika-cittaṃ
7. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ ñāṇa-vippayuttaṃ asaṅkhārika-cittaṃ
8. Upekkhā - sahagataṃ ñāṇa-vippayuttaṃ sasaṅkhārika-cittaṃ
(a) Vedanā - bheda - Somanassa 4, Upekkhā 4.
(b) Sampayoga - bheda - Sampayutta 4, Vippayutta 4.
(c) Saṅkhāra - bheda - Asaṅkhārika 4, Sasaṅkhārika 4.
(b) Mahā - vipāka Citta (8 types) and (c) Mahā-kiriya Citta (8 types) should also be analyzed similarly.
Altogether, there are 24 Kāmasobhana Cittas. Analyze these 24 by:
(a) Jāti - bheda
(b) Vedanā - bheda
(c) Saṅkhāra - bheda
Definitions
- The reason they are called "Mahā" (Great) in Mahā-kusala, Mahā-vipāka, and Mahā-kiriya is because they are greater in number compared to other Rūpāvacara and Arūpāvacara Kusala, Vipāka, and Kiriya cittas.
Kāma Citta (54 types)
Akusala Citta 12 types
Ahetuka Citta 18 types
Kāmasobhana Citta 24 types
Total Kāma Citta is 54 types.
The 54 Kāma Cittas by:
(a) Jāti - bheda:
Kusala Citta 8 types
Akusala Citta 12 types
Vipāka Citta 23 types
Kiriya Citta 11 types
Total 54 types.
(b) Vedanā - bheda:
Sukha - vedanā 1 type
Dukkha - vedanā 1 type
Somanassa - vedanā 18 types
Domanassa - vedanā 2 types
Upekkhā - vedanā 32 types
Total 54 types.
Exercise Questions
1. State the meaning and quantity of Asobhana Citta.
2. Uncover the classifications of (a) Asobhana Somanassa and (b) Asobhana Upekkhā.
3. Among Kāma Sobhana Cittas, state the quantities of (a) Somanassa-vedanā citta (b) Sampayutta citta (c) Sasaṅkhārika citta.
4. Why is "Mahā" added to Kāma Kusala when other Kusala cittas do not include "Mahā"?
5. Among the 54 Kāma Cittas, state only the quantities of (a) Kusala Somanassa citta (b) Akusala Upekkhā citta
(c) Vipāka citta (d) Kiriya Somanassa citta (e) Vipāka Upekkhā citta.
Rūpāvacara Citta (15 types)
Kusala Citta (5), Vipāka Citta (5), Kiriya Citta (5) = (15) types
Kusala Citta (5 types)
1. First Jhāna Kusala Citta arising together with the 5 Jhāna factors: Vitakka, Vicāra, Pīti, Sukha, and Ekaggatā.
2. Second Jhāna Kusala Citta arising together with the 4 Jhāna factors: Vicāra, Pīti, Sukha, and Ekaggatā.
3. Third Jhāna Kusala Citta arising together with the 3 Jhāna factors: Pīti, Sukha, and Ekaggatā.
4. Fourth Jhāna Kusala Citta arising together with the 2 Jhāna factors: Sukha and Ekaggatā.
5. Fifth Jhāna Kusala Citta arising together with the 2 Jhāna factors: Upekkhā and Ekaggatā. These make 5 types.
Notes
For (b) Vipāka Citta (5) and (c) Kiriya Citta (5), just substitute "Vipāka Citta" or "Kiriya Citta" in place of "Kusala Citta"; the rest of the recital remains the same.
These 15 Rūpa Cittas by:
(a) Jāti - bheda: Kusala 5, Vipāka 5, Kiriya 5 = 15 types.
(b) Jhāna - bheda: First Jhāna 3, Second Jhāna 3, Third Jhāna 3... = 15 types.
(c) Vedanā - bheda: (The First, Second, Third, and Fourth Jhānas associated with Sukha are taken as Somanassa-vedanā, and the Fifth Jhāna is taken as Upekkhā-vedanā) Somanassa-vedanā (12) types, Upekkhā-vedanā (3) types = Total (15) types.
Definitions
Vitakka - The nature of initial application to the object.
Vicāra - The nature of sustained application holding the object.
Pīti - The nature of joy or interest in the object.
Sukha - The nature of experiencing bliss/happiness.
Ekaggatā - The nature of one-pointedness or concentration.
Jhāna - The nature that burns up or eliminates the opposing Nīvaraṇa (hindrances).
Jhānaṅga - Factors of Jhāna.
Arūpāvacara Citta (12 types)
Kusala Citta 4, Vipāka Citta 4, Kiriya Citta 4 = Total 12.
(a) Kusala Citta (4 types)
1. Ākāsānañcāyatana Jhāna Kusala Citta arising with the 2 Jhāna factors of Upekkhā and Ekaggatā.
2. Viññāṇañcāyatana Jhāna Kusala Citta arising with the 2 Jhāna factors of Upekkhā and Ekaggatā.
3. Ākiñcaññāyatana Jhāna Kusala Citta arising with the 2 Jhāna factors of Upekkhā and Ekaggatā.
4. Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana Jhāna Kusala Citta arising with the 2 Jhāna factors of Upekkhā and Ekaggatā.
These make 4 types.
Notes
For (b) Vipāka Citta (4) and (c) Kiriya Citta (4), substitute appropriately; the recital pattern is identical.
The 12 Arūpa Cittas by:
(a) Jāti - bheda: Kusala 4, Vipāka 4, Kiriya 4 = 12 types.
They are not differentiated by Jhāna - bheda or Vedanā-bheda, as all are Fifth Jhāna and Upekkhā-vedanā.
Definitions
(1) Ākāsānañcāyatana Jhāna - Jhāna attained by taking infinite space (concept) as the object.
(2) Viññāṇañcāyatana Jhāna - Jhāna attained by taking the first formless consciousness as the object.
(3) Ākiñcaññāyatana Jhāna - Jhāna attained by taking the nothingness (non-existence) of the first formless consciousness as the object.
(4) Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana Jhāna - Jhāna attained by taking the third formless consciousness as the object.
Because all Arūpa Jhānas share the 2 Jhāna factors (Upekkhā and Ekaggatā) identical to the Rūpāvacara Fifth Jhāna, they are classified under the Fifth Jhāna.
Mahaggata Citta (27 types)
Rūpa Citta (15) + Arūpa Citta (12) = (27) types
The 27 Mahaggata Cittas should be analyzed in detail by:
(a) Bhūmi - bheda, (b) Jāti-bheda,
(c) Jhāna - bheda, and (d) Vedanā-bheda.
Definitions
Mahaggata - The nature of being exalted or sublime.
Exercise Questions
1. State the 5 Jhāna factors of the First Jhāna consciousness.
2. State the factors of Ākāsānañcāyatana Jhāna.
3. Among the 27 Mahaggata Cittas, state only the quantities of: (a) Rūpāvacara First Jhāna, (b) Mahaggata Somanassa,
(c) Mahaggata Upekkhā, (d) Rūpāvacara Upekkhā, (e) Mahaggata Fifth Jhāna cittas.
4. Explain under which Jhāna the Arūpa Citta is included and why.
Lokiya Citta (81 types)
(a) By Bhūmi - bheda:
Kāma Citta 54
Rūpa Citta 15
Arūpa Citta 12 = 81 types
(b) By Jāti - bheda:
Kusala Citta 17
Akusala Citta 12
Vipāka Citta 32
Kiriya Citta 20 = 81 types
(c) By Vedanā - bheda:
Sukha 1, Dukkha 1, Somanassa 30, Domanassa 2,
Upekkhā 47. (Analyze in detail).
Lokuttara Citta In Brief (8 types)
Kusala Citta 4, Vipāka Citta 4 = (8) types
Kusala Citta (4 types)
1. Sotāpatti Magga Citta 1 type
2. Sakadāgāmi Magga Citta 1 type
3. Anāgāmi Magga Citta 1 type
4. Arahatta Magga Citta 1 type = 4 types.
Vipāka Citta (4 types)
1. Sotāpatti Phala Citta 1 type
2. Sakadāgāmi Phala Citta 1 type
3. Anāgāmi Phala Citta 1 type
4. Arahatta Phala Citta 1 type = 4 types.
Samāhita Jhāna Citta In Brief (35 types)
(a) By Bhūmi - bheda:
Rūpa Citta 15
Arūpa Citta 12
Lokuttara Citta 8 = 35 types.
(b) By Jāti - bheda:
Kusala Citta 13
Vipāka Citta 13
Kiriya Citta 9 = 35 types.
Definitions
Sotāpatti Magga/Phala - The Magga and Phala (path and fruit) of the Stream-Enterer, the noble one who has entered the stream of the Noble Ones.
Sakadāgāmi Magga/Phala - The Magga and Phala of the Once-Returner, who will return to the sensuous sphere only one more time.
Anāgāmi Magga/Phala - The Magga and Phala of the Non-Returner, who will never return to the sensuous sphere.
Arahatta Magga/Phala - The Magga and Phala of the Arahant.
Samāhita - Centered, concentrated nature; Jhāna consciousness.
Sobhana Citta In Brief (59 types)
(a) By Bhūmi - bheda:
Kāmasobhana Citta 24
Rūpa Citta 15
Arūpa Citta 12
Lokuttara Citta 8 = Total 59 types.
(b) By Jāti - bheda:
Kusala Citta 21
Vipāka Citta 21
Kiriya Citta 17 = Total 59 types.
Definitions
Sobhana - The beautiful, excellent, and pure nature.
Exercise Questions
1. Analyze Lokiya Citta by Jāti - bheda.
2. Correctly pair the 8 Lokuttara cittas into Magga and Phala cittas.
3. Analyze the brief Samāhita Jhāna citta by Jāti-bheda.
4. Count the quantities of (a) Kāmasobhana Upekkhā citta and (b) Mahaggata Upekkhā citta within the brief Sobhana Citta.
5. Provide the definitions for Sotāpatti Magga and Sakadāgāmi Phala.
Lokuttara Citta In Detail (40 types)
(a) Kusala Citta / Magga Citta (20 types)
Vipāka Citta / Phala Citta (20 types) = 40.
Magga Citta (20 types)
1. Sotāpatti Magga Citta 5
2. Sakadāgāmi Magga Citta 5
3. Anāgāmi Magga Citta 5
4. Arahatta Magga Citta 5 = 20 types.
Sotāpatti Magga Citta (5 types)
1. First Jhāna Sotāpatti Magga Citta accompanied by 5 Jhāna factors: Vitakka, Vicāra, Pīti, Sukha, Ekaggatā.
2. Second Jhāna Sotāpatti Magga Citta accompanied by 4 Jhāna factors: Vicāra, Pīti, Sukha, Ekaggatā.
3. Third Jhāna Sotāpatti Magga Citta accompanied by 3 Jhāna factors: Pīti, Sukha, Ekaggatā.
4. Fourth Jhāna Sotāpatti Magga Citta accompanied by 2 Jhāna factors: Sukha, Ekaggatā.
5. Fifth Jhāna Sotāpatti Magga Citta accompanied by 2 Jhāna factors: Upekkhā, Ekaggatā.
Totaling 5 types.
Likewise, analyze in detail the 5 Sakadāgāmi Magga cittas,
5 Anāgāmi Magga cittas,
and 5 Arahatta Magga cittas by substituting the terms appropriately.
Phala Citta (20 types)
1. First Jhāna Sotāpatti Phala Citta accompanied by 5 Jhāna factors... and so forth up to 20.
Total is 40 types.
The 40 detailed Lokuttara Cittas by:
(a) Jāti - bheda: Kusala 20, Vipāka 20 = Total (40).
(b) Jhāna - bheda: First Jhāna 8, Second Jhāna 8, Third Jhāna 8, Fourth Jhāna 8, Fifth Jhāna 8 = Total (40).
(c) Vedanā - bheda: Somanassa-vedanā 32, Upekkhā-vedanā 8 = Total (40). Analyze these in detail.
Samāhita Jhāna Citta In Detail (67 types)
(a) By Bhūmi - bheda: Rūpa Citta 15, Arūpa Citta 12, Lokuttara Citta 40 = Total 67 types.
(b) By Jāti - bheda: Kusala Citta 29, Vipāka Citta 29, Kiriya Citta 9 = Total 67 types.
(c) By Jhāna - bheda: First Jhāna 11, Second Jhāna 11, Third Jhāna 11, Fourth Jhāna 11, Fifth Jhāna 23 = Total 67 types.
(d) By Vedanā - bheda: Somanassa-vedanā 44, Upekkhā-vedanā 23 = Total 67 types. Analyze these in detail.
Sobhana Citta In Detail (91 types)
(a) By Bhūmi - bheda:
Kāmasobhana Citta (24)
Rūpa Citta (15)
Arūpa Citta (12)
Lokuttara Citta (40) = Total (91) types
(b) By Jāti - bheda:
Kusala Citta (37)
Vipāka Citta (37)
Kiriya Citta (17) = Total (91) types
(c) By Vedanā - bheda:
Somanassa - vedanā (56)
Upekkhā - vedanā (35) = Total (91) types
Citta In Detail (121 types)
(a) By Bhūmi - bheda:
Kāma Citta (54)
Rūpa Citta (15)
Arūpa Citta (12)
Lokuttara Citta (40) = Total (121) types
(b) By Jāti - bheda:
Akusala Citta (12)
Kusala Citta (37)
Vipāka Citta (52)
Kiriya Citta (20) = Total (121) types
(c) By Vedanā - bheda:
Sukha - vedanā 1,
Dukkha - vedanā 1,
Somanassa - vedanā 62,
Domanassa - vedanā 2,
Upekkhā - vedanā 55 = Total (121) types.
Exercise Questions
1. Analyze respectively: (a) Samāhita Jhāna Citta in detail by Jhāna-bheda, (b) Sobhana Citta in detail by Bhūmi-bheda, (c) Citta in detail by Jāti-bheda.
2. Among the 67 Jhāna cittas, count the Fifth Jhāna cittas and define the meaning of Samāhita.
3. Among the 91 detailed Sobhana Cittas, how many are (a) Sotāpatti Magga cittas, (b) Anāgāmi Magga cittas, (c) Sakadāgāmi Phala cittas, (d) Arahatta Phala cittas?
4. Briefly explain how the 89 brief Cittas expand into the 121 detailed Cittas.
Curriculum section
Cetasika Section
The 4 Characteristics of Cetasikas
1. Arising together with consciousness (Ekuppāda)
2. Ceasing together with consciousness (Ekanirodha)
3. Having the same object as consciousness (Ekālambana)
4. Having the same physical base as consciousness (Ekavatthuka)
A reality endowed with these 4 characteristics is called a Cetasika.
The 52 Cetasikas
There are 52 mental factors that possess the above characteristics. They are:
1. Aññasamāna Cetasika (13)
2. Akusala Cetasika (14)
3. Sobhana Cetasika (25) = Total (52).
(1) Aññasamāna Cetasika (13)
(a) Sabbacittasādhāraṇa Cetasika (7)
(b) Pakiṇṇaka Cetasika (6) = Total (13).
(a) Sabbacittasādhāraṇa Cetasika (7)
1. "Phassa" - The mental factor of contact, with the characteristic of touching the object.
2. "Vedanā" - The mental factor of feeling, with the characteristic of experiencing the object.
3. "Saññā" - The mental factor of perception, with the characteristic of perceiving/noting the object.
4. "Cetanā" - The mental factor of volition, with the characteristic of urging/willing.
5. "Ekaggatā" - The mental factor of one-pointedness, with the characteristic of focus and non-distraction on a single object.
6. "Jīvitindriya" - The mental factor of life faculty, with the characteristic of maintaining the associated mental states.
7. "Manasikāra" - The mental factor of attention, with the characteristic of directing the mind to the object.
These make 7 types.
(b) Pakiṇṇaka Cetasika (6)
1. "Vitakka" - The mental factor of initial application, with the characteristic of directing the mind onto the object.
2. "Vicāra" - The mental factor of sustained application, with the characteristic of examining the object.
3. "Pīti" - The mental factor of zest/joy, with the characteristic of finding delight in the object.
4. "Adhimokkha" - The mental factor of resolution/decision, with the characteristic of deciding upon the object.
5. "Vīriya" - The mental factor of energy/effort, with the characteristic of supporting and upholding.
6. "Chanda" - The mental factor of desire (to act), with the characteristic of mere wishing to do.
These make 6 types.
Definitions
Aññasamāna - "Common to the other". When arising in Sobhana cittas, they share the nature of Sobhana; when arising in Asobhana cittas, they share the nature of Asobhana.
Sabbacittasādhāraṇa - "Universal to all consciousness", because they associate with every type of consciousness.
Pakiṇṇaka - "Occasional/Miscellaneous", because they associate only with certain types of consciousness, not all.
(2) Akusala Cetasika (14)
1. "Moha" - The mental factor of delusion, with the characteristic of covering the true nature of the object.
2. "Ahirika" - The mental factor of shamelessness, with the characteristic of not being ashamed to do evil.
3. "Anottappa" - The mental factor of fearlessness of wrongdoing, with the characteristic of not fearing to do evil.
4. "Uddhacca" - The mental factor of restlessness, with the characteristic of mental distraction.
5. "Lobha" - The mental factor of greed, with the characteristic of attaching to the object.
6. "Diṭṭhi" - The mental factor of wrong view, with the characteristic of seeing falsely.
7. "Māna" - The mental factor of conceit, with the characteristic of haughtiness.
8. "Dosa" - The mental factor of hatred, with the characteristic of striking out fiercely.
9. "Issā" - The mental factor of envy, with the characteristic of being jealous of others' success.
10. "Macchariya" - The mental factor of stinginess, with the characteristic of concealing one's own success.
11. "Kukkucca" - The mental factor of worry/remorse, with the characteristic of brooding over evil done and good undone.
12. "Vicikicchā" - The mental factor of doubt, with the characteristic of being unable to decide.
13. "Thīna" - The mental factor of sloth, with the characteristic of inflexibility of consciousness.
14. "Middha" - The mental factor of torpor, with the characteristic of unwieldiness of mental factors.
These make 14 types.
Since these 14 mental factors associate only with unwholesome consciousness, they are called "Akusala Cetasikas".
Notes
Papañca Dhammas (3) - Because they prolong Saṃsāra, Craving (Taṇhā/Lobha), Conceit (Māna), and Wrong View (Diṭṭhi) are known as Papañca Dhammas.
(3) Sobhana Cetasika (25)
(a) Sobhanasādhāraṇa Cetasika 19
(b) Viratī Cetasika 3
(c) Appamaññā Cetasika 2
(d) Paññindriya Cetasika 1 = Total (25).
(a) Sobhanasādhāraṇa Cetasika (19)
1. "Saddhā" - The mental factor of faith, with the characteristic of clarifying the mind regarding objects like the Buddha.
2. "Sati" - The mental factor of mindfulness, with the characteristic of remembering objects like the Buddha.
3. "Hirī" - The mental factor of shame, with the characteristic of being ashamed to do evil.
4. "Ottappa" - The mental factor of fear of wrongdoing, with the characteristic of dreading evil acts.
5. "Alobha" - The mental factor of non-greed, with the characteristic of non-attachment to objects.
6. "Adosa" - The mental factor of non-hatred, with the characteristic of non-aversion towards objects.
7. "Tatramajjhattatā" - The mental factor of equanimity/balance of mind, with the characteristic of looking evenly at objects.
8. "Kāyapassaddhi" - The mental factor of tranquility of the mental body (cetasikas).
9. "Cittapassaddhi" - The mental factor of tranquility of consciousness.
10. "Kāyalahutā" - The mental factor of lightness of the mental body.
11. "Cittalahutā" - The mental factor of lightness of consciousness.
12. "Kāyamudutā" - The mental factor of malleability/softness of the mental body.
13. "Cittamudutā" - The mental factor of malleability/softness of consciousness.
14. "Kāyakammaññatā" - The mental factor of wieldiness of the mental body for good deeds.
15. "Cittakammaññatā" - The mental factor of wieldiness of consciousness for good deeds.
16. "Kāyapāguññatā" - The mental factor of proficiency of the mental body in good deeds.
17. "Cittapāguññatā" - The mental factor of proficiency of consciousness in good deeds.
18. "Kāyujukatā" - The mental factor of rectitude/uprightness of the mental body.
19. "Cittujukatā" - The mental factor of rectitude/uprightness of consciousness.
These make 19 types.
Because these 19 associate strictly with beautiful (Sobhana) consciousness, they are called "Sobhanasādhāraṇa Cetasikas".
Notes
The core reality (Sabhāva) of Khanti (patience) and Mettā (loving-kindness) is the Adosa cetasika. The core reality of Upekkhā (equanimity) is the Tatramajjhattatā cetasika.
Hirī and Ottappa are called Lokapāla (Guardians of the World). As long as people practice these two, the world will not be destroyed.
(b) Viratī Cetasika (3)
1. "Sammāvācā" - Right Speech, with the characteristic of abstaining from the 4 vocal misconducts, unconnected to livelihood.
2. "Sammākammanta" - Right Action, with the characteristic of abstaining from the 3 physical misconducts, unconnected to livelihood.
3. "Sammā - ājīva" - Right Livelihood, with the characteristic of abstaining from vocal and physical misconducts related directly to one’s livelihood.
Because they abstain from evil misconduct and wrong livelihood, these 3 are called Viratī (Abstinences) Cetasikas.
Notes
Vacī - duccarita (4 Vocal Misconducts)
1. Musāvāda - Telling lies.
2. Pisuṇavācā - Slandering to cause disunity.
3. Pharusavācā - Speaking harsh words.
4. Samphappalāpa - Engaging in frivolous, useless chatter.
Kāya-duccarita (3 Physical Misconducts)
1. Pāṇātipāta - Killing living beings.
2. Adinnādāna - Stealing others' property.
3. Kāmesu micchācāra - Sexual misconduct.
(c) Appamaññā (4)
1. "Karuṇā" - Compassion, taking suffering beings (Dukkhita-satta) as its object with the characteristic of pity.
2. "Muditā" - Appreciative joy, taking successful beings (Sukhita-satta) as its object with the characteristic of rejoicing in their success.
Because the beings taken as objects are boundless and immeasurable, these are called "Appamaññā" (Illimitables).
Notes
Though there are 4 Appamaññās, Mettā is included under Adosa cetasika, and Upekkhā is included under Tatramajjhattatā cetasika, so they are not recounted here.
(d) Paññindriya Cetasika (1)
Paññindriya - The faculty of wisdom, with the characteristic of comprehending mind-and-matter formations as impermanent (Anicca), suffering (Dukkha), and non-self (Anatta).
This concludes the 25 Sobhana Cetasikas.
Sampayoga Method and Saṅgaha Method
When studying how citta and cetasika arise together:
(a) Sampayoga - naya: Taking the cetasika as the base and showing which cittas it associates with.
(b) Saṅgaha - naya: Taking the citta as the base and showing which cetasikas associate with it.
Sampayoga Method (16 ways)
(a) Aññasamāna Cetasika Sampayoga (7 ways)
(b) Akusala Sampayoga (5 ways)
(c) Sobhana Sampayoga (4 ways) = Total 16 ways.
(a) Aññasamāna Cetasika Sampayoga (7 ways)
1. The 7 Sabbacittasādhāraṇa Cetasikas associate with all 89 (brief) or 121 (detailed) Cittas.
Pakiṇṇaka Cetasika Sampayoga (6 ways)
1. Vitakka cetasika associates with (55) cittas: Kāma Cittas (44, excluding the 10 Dvi-pañcaviññāṇa) + First Jhāna Cittas (11).
It does not associate with (66) cittas:
Dvi - pañcaviññāṇa (10), Second Jhāna (11), Third Jhāna (11), Fourth Jhāna (11), Fifth Jhāna (23) = 66 types.
2. Vicāra cetasika associates with (66) cittas:
The above 55 cittas plus the 11 Second Jhāna cittas.
It does not associate with (55) cittas:
Subtract the 11 Second Jhāna cittas from the 66 non-Vitakka cittas.
3. Adhimokkha cetasika associates with (78) cittas:
Kāma Cittas (43, excluding the 10 Dvi - pañcaviññāṇa and Vicikicchā-sahagata) + Mahaggata & Lokuttara (35) = 78 types.
Non - associated cittas (11).
4. Vīriya cetasika associates with (73) cittas:
Akusala Cittas (12), Ahetuka Cittas (2: Manodvārāvajjana and Hasituppāda), Kāmasobhana, Mahaggata, and Lokuttara (59) = 73 types.
Non - associated cittas (16):
Dvi - pañcaviññāṇa (10), Santīraṇa (3), Pañcadvārāvajjana (1), Sampaṭicchana (2) = 16 types.
5. Pīti cetasika associates with (51) cittas:
Kāma Somanassa (18), First Jhāna (11),
Second Jhāna (11), Third Jhāna (11) = 51 types.
Non - associated cittas (70):
Kāma Sukha, Dukkha, Domanassa, Upekkhā (36),
Fourth Jhāna (11), Fifth Jhāna (23) = 70 types.
6. Chanda cetasika associates with (69) cittas:
Lobha - mūla (8), Dosa-mūla (2), Kāmasobhana (24), Mahaggata & Lokuttara (35) = 69 types.
Non - associated cittas (20):
Moha - mūla (2), Ahetuka Cittas (18) = 20 types.
Exercise
1. Explain the definitions of Sampayoga - naya and Saṅgaha-naya.
2. List the cetasikas that must invariably arise whenever consciousness arises.
3. Count the quantities for: (a) Cittas associating with Adhimokkha (b) Cittas non-associating with Vīriya
(c) Cittas associating with Pīti (d) Cittas non-associating with Chanda.
4. Identify the following cittas:
(a) Cittas associating with Vitakka but not Vicāra.
(b) Cittas associating with Vicāra but not Vitakka.
Akusala Cetasika Sampayoga
1. The Moha - catukka (4) — Moha, Ahirika, Anottappa, Uddhacca — associate with all (12) Akusala cittas.
2. Lobha cetasika associates with all (8) Lobha-mūla cittas.
It does not associate with the other (4) Akusala cittas.
3. Diṭṭhi cetasika associates with the (4) Diṭṭhigata-sampayutta cittas.
It does not associate with the other (8) Akusala cittas.
4. Māna cetasika associates with the (4) Diṭṭhigata-vippayutta cittas.
It does not associate with the other (8) Akusala cittas.
5. The Dosa - catukka (4) — Dosa, Issā, Macchariya, Kukkucca — associate with the (2) Dosa-mūla cittas.
They do not associate with the other (10) Akusala cittas.
6. Thīna and Middha (2) associate with the (5) Sasaṅkhārika Akusala cittas.
They do not associate with the other (7) Akusala cittas.
7. Vicikicchā cetasika associates only with the (1) Vicikicchā-sahagata citta.
It does not associate with the other (11) Akusala cittas.
Sobhana Cetasika Sampayoga (4 ways)
1. The 19 Sobhanasādhāraṇa Cetasikas associate with all (59/91) Sobhana Cittas.
2. The 3 Viratī Cetasikas associate occasionally and separately with the (8) Mahā-kusala cittas, and they constantly associate together with the (8) Lokuttara cittas.
Notes
Niyata means constant; Aniyata means inconstant. Since the 3 Viratī cetasikas associate constantly (Niyata) with the 8 Lokuttara cittas, and inconstantly (Aniyata) with the 8 Mahā-kusala cittas, they are called "Niyatāniyata-yogī Cetasikas".
3. The Appamaññā cetasikas associate with the (8) Mahā-kusala, (8) Mahā-kiriya, and (12) Mahaggata Somanassa cittas — totaling 28 cittas.
Notes
Keci: Some teachers claim the 2 Appamaññās do not associate with Upekkhā-sahagata cittas. According to their view, they associate respectively with 4 Mahā-kusala Somanassa, 4 Mahā-kiriya Somanassa, and 12 Mahaggata Somanassa cittas = 20 types.
4. Paññindriya cetasika associates with the 12 Kāmasobhana Ñāṇa-sampayutta cittas, and 35 Mahaggata & Lokuttara cittas = (47) cittas.
Aniyata/Kadāci Cetasika (11 types)
Viratī Cetasika (3)
Appamaññā Cetasika (2)
Issā, Macchariya, Kukkucca (3)
Māna, Thīna, Middha (3) = 11 types.
The remaining (41) Cetasikas are Niyata - yogī (constantly associating).
Alternatively: (a) Niyata - yogī Ceta (41)
(b) Aniyata - yogī Ceta (8)
(c) Niyatāniyata - yogī Ceta (3)
(d) Nānā - Kadāci Ceta (8)
Viratī, Appamaññā, Issā, Macchariya, Kukkucca.
(e) Saha - Kadāci (2)
Thīna, Middha.
(f) Kadāci solely (1)
Māna.
Example of Nānā Kadāci Formulation
The Nānā Kadāci condition of the 3 Viratī cetasikas:
When abstaining from killing unrelated to livelihood, Sammākammanta associates, and Sammāvācā/Sammā-ājīva do not.
When abstaining from lying unrelated to livelihood, Sammāvācā associates, and Sammākammanta/Sammā-ājīva do not. When abstaining from killing related to livelihood, Sammā-ājīva associates, and the other two do not. Arising separately on occasion like this is called Nānā Kadāci.
(Apply the same principle to the other applicable cetasikas)
Saha Kadāci of Thīna and Middha
When the mind and mental factors are sluggish and unwieldy, they arise together simultaneously in the 5 Sasaṅkhārika cittas. This is called Saha Kadāci.
Exercise Questions
1. List the Akusala cetasikas that must be present in every Akusala action.
2. State the cetasikas that associate with (a) Lobha (b) Diṭṭhi (c) Māna.
3. Enumerate the Akusala cittas that associate/do not associate with the Dosa-catukka (4).
4. When someone says, "His cetanā and saddhā are very good!" - Count the cittas associating with (a) Cetanā (b) Saddhā cetasika.
5. Explain the reason why Viratī cetasikas are called Niyatāniyata-yogī.
6. Count the cittas associating with rejoicing in others' success according to the Keci-vāda (the view of some teachers).
7. List the Nānā - kadāci cetasikas.
8. Explain the Saha - kadāci nature of the cetasikas that associate together through thick and thin without separating.
Saṅgaha Method (33 ways)
The method showing the associated cetasikas taking Citta as the base is called Saṅgaha-naya. This includes:
1. Lokuttara Citta Saṅgaha (5 ways)
2. Mahaggata Citta Saṅgaha (5 ways)
3. Kāmasobhana Citta Saṅgaha (12 ways)
4. Akusala Citta Saṅgaha (7 ways)
5. Ahetuka Citta Saṅgaha (4 ways)
Total = 33 ways.
Lokuttara Citta Saṅgaha (5 ways)
1. The 8 Lokuttara First Jhāna cittas associate with 36 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna and 23 Sobhana (excluding the 2 Appamaññās).
2. The 8 Lokuttara Second Jhāna cittas associate with 35 cetasikas (excluding Vitakka from the 36).
3. The 8 Lokuttara Third Jhāna cittas associate with 34 cetasikas (excluding Vitakka and Vicāra).
4. The 8 Lokuttara Fourth Jhāna cittas associate with 33 cetasikas (excluding Vitakka, Vicāra, Pīti).
5. The 8 Lokuttara Fifth Jhāna cittas associate with 33 cetasikas, accompanied by Upekkhā-vedanā (excluding Vitakka, Vicāra, Pīti).
Notes
The 2 Appamaññā cetasikas take living beings (concepts) as their object, whereas Lokuttara citta takes Nibbāna as its object. Because their objects differ, they cannot associate.
Catukka and Pañcaka (Fourfold and Fivefold)
Catukka - naya (Fourfold method) is for individuals with sharp faculties (tikkha-paññā) who can eliminate both Vitakka and Vicāra simultaneously in the Second Jhāna, combining the Second and Third Jhānas. Pañcaka-naya (Fivefold method) eliminates the Jhāna factors one by one as shown above.
Mahaggata Citta Saṅgaha (5 ways)
1. The 3 Mahaggata First Jhāna cittas associate with 35 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna and 22 Sobhana (excluding the 3 Viratīs).
2. The 3 Mahaggata Second Jhāna cittas associate with 34 cetasikas (excluding Vitakka).
3. The 3 Mahaggata Third Jhāna cittas associate with 33 cetasikas (excluding Vitakka and Vicāra).
4. The 3 Mahaggata Fourth Jhāna cittas associate with 32 cetasikas (excluding Vitakka, Vicāra, Pīti).
5. The 15 Mahaggata Fifth Jhāna cittas associate with 30 cetasikas, accompanied by Upekkhā-vedanā (excluding Vitakka, Vicāra, Pīti, and the 2 Appamaññās).
Notes
The 2 Appamaññā cetasikas associate occasionally and separately. When taking a suffering being as object, only Karuṇā associates (not Muditā). When taking a successful being as object, only Muditā associates.
Kāmasobhana Citta Saṅgaha (12 ways)
1. Mahā - kusala Citta Saṅgaha 4 ways
2. Mahā - kiriya Citta Saṅgaha 4 ways
3. Mahā - vipāka Citta Saṅgaha 4 ways = Total 12 ways.
Mahā-kusala Citta Saṅgaha (4 ways)
1. The first pair of Mahā - kusala cittas associate with 38 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna and 25 Sobhana.
2. The second pair of Mahā - kusala cittas associate with 37 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna and 24 Sobhana (excluding Paññindriya).
3. The third pair of Mahā - kusala cittas associate with 37 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti) and 25 Sobhana.
4. The fourth pair of Mahā - kusala cittas associate with 36 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti) and 24 Sobhana (excluding Paññindriya).
Notes
The 5 cetasikas of Viratī and Appamaññā associate occasionally and separately.
In the first Mahā - kusala pair, the potential associating cetasikas are 38.
Simultaneously, only 1 of those 5 can be present, reducing the number by 4 to 34.
The constantly associating cetasikas exclude all 5, resulting in 33.
Consider these three levels when Nānā - kadāci cetasikas are involved.
Mahā-kiriya Citta Saṅgaha (4 ways)
1. The first pair of Mahā - kiriya cittas associate with 35 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna and 22 Sobhana (excluding the 3 Viratīs).
2. The second pair of Mahā - kiriya cittas associate with 34 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna and 21 Sobhana (excluding Viratīs and Paññindriya).
3. The third pair of Mahā - kiriya cittas associate with 34 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti) and 22 Sobhana (excluding Viratīs).
4. The fourth pair of Mahā - kiriya cittas associate with 33 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti) and 21 Sobhana (excluding Viratīs and Paññindriya).
Mahā-vipāka Citta Saṅgaha (4 ways)
1. The first pair of Mahā - vipāka cittas associate with 33 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna and 20 Sobhana (excluding Viratīs and Appamaññās).
2. The second pair of Mahā - vipāka cittas associate with 32 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna and 19 Sobhanasādhāraṇa.
3. The third pair of Mahā - vipāka cittas associate with 32 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti) and 20 Sobhana (excluding Viratīs and Appamaññās).
4. The fourth pair of Mahā - vipāka cittas associate with 31 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti) and 19 Sobhanasādhāraṇa.
Visesaka Cetasikas (Distinguishing factors that differentiate cittas)
Viratī 3, Appamaññā 2, Pīti, Paññindriya, Vitakka, Vicāra, Sukha = (10) types.
In Lokuttara Citta, there are 4 Visesaka Cetasikas: Vitakka, Vicāra, Pīti, Sukha. In Mahaggata Citta, there are 6: Vitakka, Vicāra, Pīti, Sukha, Appamaññā.
In Kāmasobhana Citta, there are 7: Viratī, Appamaññā, Pīti, Paññā.
Example of Visesaka Formulation
How Vitakka cetasika differentiates Lokuttara cittas:
Vitakka associates only with the First Jhāna and not with the Second Jhāna onwards.
Through this presence or absence, Vitakka acts to distinguish the First Jhāna from the Second Jhāna, etc.
Exercise Questions
1. Enumerate the 5 ways of Lokuttara Citta Saṅgaha.
2. Explain the Catukka and Pañcaka methods.
3. State why Appamaññās cannot associate with Lokuttara Citta.
4. For the second Mahā - kusala pair, state the quantities of cetasikas that associate (a) potentially, (b) simultaneously, and (c) constantly.
5. List the Visesaka cetasikas that distinguish Mahaggata Cittas.
6. Explain how Pīti cetasika distinguishes Mahā-kusala cittas.
Akusala Citta Saṅgaha (7 ways)
1. First and Second Asaṅkhārika Saṅgaha: 1.
2. Third and Fourth Asaṅkhārika Saṅgaha: 1.
3. Fifth Asaṅkhārika Saṅgaha: 1.
4. First and Second Sasaṅkhārika Saṅgaha: 1.
5. Third and Fourth Sasaṅkhārika Saṅgaha: 1.
6. Fifth Sasaṅkhārika Saṅgaha: 1.
7. Moha - mūla pair Saṅgaha: 1. Total = (7) ways.
1. The First Asaṅkhārika citta associates with 19 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna, 4 Moha-catukka, Lobha, Diṭṭhi.
The Second Asaṅkhārika citta associates with 19 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna, 4 Moha-catukka, Lobha, Māna.
2. The Third Asaṅkhārika citta associates with 18 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti), 4 Moha-catukka, Lobha, Diṭṭhi.
The Fourth Asaṅkhārika citta associates with 18 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti), 4 Moha-catukka, Lobha, Māna.
3. The Fifth Asaṅkhārika citta associates with 20 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti), 4 Moha-catukka, 4 Dosa-catukka.
4. The First Sasaṅkhārika citta associates with 21 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna, 4 Moha-catukka, Lobha, Diṭṭhi, Thīna, Middha.
The Second Sasaṅkhārika citta associates with 21 cetasikas: 13 Aññasamāna, 4 Moha-catukka, Lobha, Māna, Thīna, Middha.
5. The Third Sasaṅkhārika citta associates with 20 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti), 4 Moha-catukka, Lobha, Diṭṭhi, Thīna, Middha.
The Fourth Sasaṅkhārika citta associates with 20 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti), 4 Moha-catukka, Lobha, Māna, Thīna, Middha.
6. The Fifth Sasaṅkhārika citta associates with 22 cetasikas: 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Pīti), 4 Moha-catukka, 4 Dosa-catukka, Thīna, Middha.
7. The Uddhacca - sahagata citta associates with 15 cetasikas: 11 Aññasamāna (excluding Chanda, Pīti), 4 Moha-catukka.
The Vicikicchā - sahagata citta associates with 15 cetasikas: 10 Aññasamāna (excluding Chanda, Pīti, Adhimokkha), 4 Moha-catukka, Vicikicchā.
Notes
Issā, Macchariya, and Kukkucca associate occasionally and separately.
Therefore, in the Dosa - mūla pair, (a) potential, (b) simultaneous, and (c) constant associations differ.
Sabbākusala-yogī: The 14 Cetasikas that can associate with every Akusala action
The 10 Aññasamāna (excluding Chanda, Pīti, Adhimokkha) and 4 Moha-catukka = (14) types.
Directive
If asked for "Akusala cetasikas" present in every Akusala action, the answer is only (4) - the Moha-catukka.
Ahetuka Citta Saṅgaha (4 ways)
1. Hasituppāda citta associates with 12 Aññasamāna (excluding Chanda).
2. Manodvārāvajjana citta associates with 11 Aññasamāna (excluding Chanda, Pīti).
Somanassa Santīraṇa citta associates with 11 Aññasamāna (excluding Chanda, Vīriya).
3. The 3 Manodhātu cittas (Pañcadvārāvajjana and the two Sampaṭicchanas) associate with 10 Aññasamāna (excluding Chanda, Pīti, Vīriya).
4. The 10 Dvi - pañcaviññāṇa cittas associate only with the 7 Sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasikas.
Sabbāhetuka-yogī: The 7 Cetasikas associating with every Ahetuka Citta
They are the 7 Sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasikas.
Cittena Samamuddise - Cetasikas must be enumerated alongside the cittas.
For example, because Phassa cetasika associates with all cittas, it equals 89/121 types.
Vitakka cetasika = 55 types.
Vicāra cetasika = 66 types.
Paññindriya cetasika = 47 types, and so on.
Exercise Questions
1. List the cetasikas that associate with the Second Asaṅkhārika Lobha-mūla citta.
2. Show the cetasikas that associate with the Fifth Asaṅkhārika citta.
3. For the Fifth Sasaṅkhārika citta, list the cetasikas regarding (a) potential, (b) simultaneous, and (c) constant associations.
4. Explain the distinctions in cetasika association for the Moha-mūla pair.
5. List the (a) Akusala cetasikas and (b) non - Akusala cetasikas that can be present in every Akusala action.
6. List the cetasikas that can associate with the 3 Manodhātu cittas.
7. According to "Cittena samamuddise", provide the numerical quantities of (a) Lobha, (b) Alobha, (c) Karuṇā, and (d) Paññā cetasikas.
Curriculum section
Rūpa Section
The nature that noticeably alters or changes due to cold, heat, etc., is called Rūpa (matter).
Regarding Rūpa, this section will explain in detail according to the Abhidhammattha Saṅgaha via 5 major categories:
(a) Rūpa - samuddesa - Enumeration of Rūpa in brief.
(b) Rūpa - vibhāga - Analysis of Rūpa in detail.
(c) Rūpa - samuṭṭhāna - Origins/causes of Rūpa.
(d) Rūpa - kalāpa - Groupings of Rūpa.
(e) Rūpa - pavattikkama - The occurrence/process of Rūpa.
(a) Rūpa-samuddesa
Rūpa in brief is of 2 kinds:
1. Bhūta Rūpa, 2. Upādā Rūpa.
1. Bhūta Rūpa
Bhūta Rūpa refers to the Mahābhūtas - the 4 Great Essentials (fundamental matter):
- Pathavī-dhātu - The element of earth (softness/hardness).
- Āpo-dhātu - The element of water (cohesion/fluidity).
- Tejo-dhātu - The element of fire (heat/cold).
- Vāyo-dhātu - The element of air (support/motion).
Mnemonic Poem
Softness/hardness, these two, note as Pathavī-dhātu,
Cohesion/fluidity, these two, call Āpo - dhātu,
Heat/cold, these two, refer to Tejo - dhātu,
Support/motion, these two, term Vāyo - dhātu. (Ledi Sayadaw)
2. Upādā Rūpa
Dependent matter - The (24) types of derivative matter that depend on the Mahābhūtas.
(a) Pasāda Rūpa - Sensitive matter (5)
1. Cakkhu - pasāda - Eye-sensitivity, situated within the seven layers of the eye-cornea, the size of a louse's head.
2. Sota - pasāda - Ear-sensitivity, situated inside the ear resembling a finger-ring.
3. Ghāna - pasāda - Nose-sensitivity, situated inside the nose resembling a goat's hoof.
4. Jivhā - pasāda - Tongue-sensitivity, situated on the tongue resembling a lotus petal.
5. Kāya - pasāda - Body-sensitivity, pervading the whole body except for hair tips, nail tips, calluses, and dry skin.
(b) Gocara Rūpa - Objective matter (7)
1. Rūpārammaṇa - Visible object (color)
2. Saddārammaṇa - Sound
3. Gandhārammaṇa - Smell
4. Rasārammaṇa - Taste
5, 6, 7. Phoṭṭhabbārammaṇa - Tangible object (comprising 3 elements: Pathavī, Tejo, Vāyo).
Notes
Āpo - dhātu is exceedingly subtle and thus cannot be tested by touch; therefore, it is not included under Phoṭṭhabbārammaṇa.
Mnemonic Poem
Āpo's nature is exceedingly subtle; it cannot be touched or felt, thus it doesn't qualify as Phoṭṭhabba. (A-che-pyu)
(c) Bhāva Rūpa (2)
1. Itthibhāva - rūpa - Femininity-faculty (pervades the entire body of a female).
2. Pumbhāva - rūpa - Masculinity-faculty (pervades the entire body of a male).
(d) Hadaya Rūpa (1)
Heart - base. Situated in the blood within the heart cavity (about the size of a punnāga seed) located between the two breasts. It is the physical base for the respective citta and cetasikas, and the place that beats during emotional excitement.
(e) Jīvita Rūpa (1)
Life - faculty. The matter that maintains the kamma-born material process; it pervades the entire body.
(f) Āhāra Rūpa (1)
Nutriment. The essence (ojā) or vitamin essence contained in food.
Matter Pervading the Entire Body
Bhāva - rūpa, Kāya-pasāda, Jīvita-rūpa, and the Āpo-dominant fluids like semen, blood, and bile pervade all moist parts of the entire body.
Nomenclature: Sabhāva Rūpa, etc.
The aforementioned (18) material phenomena: Mahābhūta 4, Pasāda 5, Gocara 4 (Pathavī, Tejo, Vāyo are already counted in Mahābhūta, so not recounted), Bhāva 2, Jīvita 1, Hadaya 1, Āhāra 1.
1. Sabhāva Rūpa — Because they each have their own intrinsic characteristics, they are called "Sabhāva Rūpa".
2. Salakkhaṇa Rūpa — Because they evidently possess the universal characteristics of Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta, they are called "Salakkhaṇa Rūpa".
3. Nipphanna Rūpa — Because they are produced by the 4 causes (Kamma, Citta, Utu, Āhāra), they are called "Nipphanna Rūpa".
4. Rūpa Rūpa — Because they are subject to alteration/deformation by opposing conditions like cold and heat, they are called "Rūpa Rūpa".
5. Sammasana Rūpa — Because they are objects to be contemplated via the 3 universal characteristics, they are called "Sammasana Rūpa".
Nomenclature: Asabhāva Rūpa, etc.
Except for those (18), the remaining (10) material phenomena:
They are mere limits, modes, and characteristics of the existent Sabhāva Nipphanna Rūpas undergoing change. Thus, they are called Asabhāva Rūpa, Alakkhaṇa Rūpa, Anipphanna Rūpa, Arūpa Rūpa, Asammasana Rūpa. Since they do not exist independently, they are also called Paññatti Rūpa (conceptual matter) or Artificial Rūpa.
Asabhāva Rūpa (10 types)
1. Pariccheda Rūpa (1)
The Ākāsa - dhātu (space element) which limits/separates the material groups (Rūpa-kalāpas) is Pariccheda Rūpa.
2. Viññatti Rūpa (2)
The special modes conveying one's intentions to others is Viññatti Rūpa:
(a) Kāya - viññatti - Bodily intimation.
(b) Vacī - viññatti - Vocal intimation.
3. Lahutādi Rūpa (3)
Lahutā - rūpa - The lightness of the material body (e.g., when the mind is happy, weather is agreeable, food is balanced).
Mudutā - rūpa - The malleability/softness of the body.
Kammaññatā - rūpa - The wieldiness/readiness of bodily and vocal expressions.
These 3 are collectively called Lahutādi Rūpa.
4. Vikāra Rūpa (5)
The 2 Viññatti Rūpas and 3 Lahutādi Rūpas form the 5 Vikāra Rūpas.
Vikāra Rūpa denotes the peculiar changeable modes of the real Nipphanna Rūpas.
5. Lakkhaṇa Rūpa (4)
The 4 characteristics of arising, continuing, and dissolving of Nipphanna Rūpas are Lakkhaṇa Rūpa:
(a) Upacaya - The initial arising up to the completion of the material phenomena proper to a single lifetime.
(b) Santati - The continuous arising (continuity) of Nipphanna Rūpas after their completion.
(c) Jaratā - The aging, maturing, and wearing out of Nipphanna Rūpas.
(d) Aniccatā - The dissolution and vanishing of Nipphanna Rūpas.
Exercise Questions
1. Define the nature of Rūpa.
2. List the brief outline of Rūpa with definitions.
3. State the 5 sensitive matters (Pasāda) along with their locations.
4. Explain why Āpo (water element) is not included in Phoṭṭhabbārammaṇa (tangible objects).
5. Explain why the 18 types of Rūpa are termed Nipphanna Rūpa.
6. Enumerate the 10 Paññatti Rūpas, which are mere modes/limits of ultimate realities.
Rūpa-vibhāga (Analysis of Matter)
Rūpa is analyzed in detail via (1) Ekavidha-naya (onefold method)
and (2) Duvidha - naya (twofold method).
(1) Ekavidha-naya (Onefold Method)
As a single, uniform mass, all 28 Rūpas bear 8 designations: Ahetuka, Sappaccaya, Sāsava, Saṅkhata, Lokiya, Kāmāvacara, Anārammaṇa, Appahātabba.
1. "Ahetuka" - Rootless, because they do not have associated roots like Lobha.
2. "Sappaccaya" - Conditioned, because they are produced by causes: Kamma, Citta, Utu, Āhāra.
3. "Sāsava" - Subject to taints, because they are the objects of Āsavā (taints).
4. "Saṅkhata" - Formed/Conditioned, because they are constructed by the 4 causes.
5. "Lokiya" - Mundane, because they are included in the mundane world which is the object of clinging.
6. "Kāmāvacara" - Sensuous-sphere, because they are the domain of sensuous craving.
7. "Anārammaṇa" - Objectless, because they cannot cognize objects like Citta and Cetasika can.
8. "Appahātabba" - Unabandonable, because they cannot be eradicated like Akusala defilements.
2. Duvidha-naya (Twofold Method)
The 28 Rūpas from two perspectives:
1. Ajjhattika Rūpa 5 - (5 Pasāda Rūpas).
Bāhira Rūpa 23 - (The remaining 23 Rūpas).
2. Vatthu Rūpa 6 – (5 Pasāda, 1 Hadaya).
Avatthu Rūpa - (The remaining 22).
3. Dvāra Rūpa 7 – (5 Pasāda, 2 Viññatti).
Advāra Rūpa - (The remaining 21).
4. Indriya Rūpa 8 - (5 Pasāda, 2 Bhāva, 1 Jīvita).
Anindriya Rūpa - (The remaining 20).
5. Oḷārika Rūpa, Santike Rūpa, Sappaṭigha Rūpa (12):
(5 Pasāda, 7 Gocara = 12 types).
Sukhuma Rūpa, Dūre Rūpa, Appaṭigha Rūpa:
(The remaining 16).
6. Upādinna Rūpa - (The 18 Kamma-born Rūpas).
Anupādinna Rūpa - (The remaining 10).
7. Sanidassana Rūpa - (Rūpārammaṇa 1).
Anidassana Rūpa - (The remaining 27).
8. Avinibbhoga Rūpa 8: (Color, Smell, Taste, Nutriment-Ojā (4) + Mahābhūta 4 = 8).
Vinibbhoga Rūpa - (The remaining 20).
9. Gocaraggāhaka Rūpa - (The 5 Pasāda Rūpas).
Agocaraggāhaka Rūpa - (The remaining 23).
10. Asampattagāhaka Rūpa - (Cakkhu-pasāda and Sota-pasāda = 2).
Sampattagāhaka Rūpa - (Ghāna, Jivhā, Kāya = 3).
Notes & Conceptual Meanings
Ajjhattika - Internal; Bāhira - External.
Vatthu - Physical base; Avatthu - Non-base.
Dvāra - Door; Advāra - Non-door.
Indriya - Faculty/controlling; Anindriya - Non-faculty.
Oḷārika - Gross; Sukhuma - Subtle.
Santike - Near; Dūre - Far.
Sappaṭigha - Impinging/contactable; Appaṭigha - Non-impinging.
Upādinna - Grasped by craving/kamma.
Anupādinna - Not grasped by craving/kamma.
Sanidassana - Visible; Anidassana - Invisible.
Gocaraggāhaka - Apprehending objects.
Agocaraggāhaka - Not apprehending objects.
Sampattagāhaka - Apprehends by direct contact.
Asampattagāhaka - Apprehends without direct contact.
Avinibbhoga - Inseparable.
Vinibbhoga - Separable.
Exercise Questions
1. State whether the 28 Rūpas are Ahetuka or Sahetuka.
2. Explain why the 28 Rūpas are called (a) Sāsava (b) Saṅkhata.
3. Enumerate the following Rūpas:
(a) Oḷārika Rūpa (b) Sukhuma Rūpa
(c) Indriya Rūpa (d) Dvāra Rūpa (e) Sanidassana Rūpa.
4. Count the Rūpas that are inseparable (Avinibbhoga).
Rūpa-samuṭṭhāna (Origins of Matter)
The causes of material phenomena are Kamma, Citta, Utu (Temperature), and Āhāra (Nutriment).
Rūpa produced by Kamma is Kammaja Rūpa.
Rūpa produced by Citta is Cittaja Rūpa.
Rūpa produced by Utu is Utuja Rūpa.
Rūpa produced by Āhāra is Āhāraja Rūpa.
Matter Produced by Kamma
The 25 past Kammas (8 Kāma - kusala, 12 Akusala, 5 Rūpa-kusala) produce 18 Kammaja Rūpas moment by moment (Uppāda, Ṭhiti, Bhaṅga) beginning from the arising moment (Uppāda) of the Paṭisandhi-citta (rebirth-consciousness).
Kammaja Rūpa (18 types)
Exclusive (Ekan) Kammaja Rūpa (9) + Non - exclusive (Anekan) Kammaja Rūpa (9) = Total (18).
Exclusive (Ekan) Kammaja Rūpa (9 types)
Indriya Rūpa 8, Hadaya Vatthu 1 = 9 types.
Non-exclusive (Anekan) Kammaja Rūpa (9 types)
Avinibbhoga Rūpa 8, Pariccheda Rūpa 1 = 9 types.
Kammas that do not produce Rūpa (8)
Arūpa - kusala kamma 4, Magga-kusala kamma 4.
Matter Produced by Citta
In the 5 - aggregate existences (Pañcavokāra-bhūmi), 75 Cittas (excluding 4 Arūpa-vipākas, 10 Dvi-pañcaviññāṇas, and the Arahant’s death-consciousness) produce 15 Cittaja Rūpas at their arising moment, beginning from the first Bhavaṅga-citta immediately following the Paṭisandhi-citta.
Cittaja Rūpa (15 types)
Exclusive Cittaja 2, Non - exclusive Cittaja 13 = Total 15.
Exclusive Cittaja Rūpa (2 types)
Kāya - viññatti, Vacī-viññatti = 2.
Non-exclusive Cittaja Rūpa (13 types)
Avinibbhoga Rūpa 8, Pariccheda 1, Lahutādi 3, Sadda 1 = 13 types.
Cittas that do not produce Rūpa (14 types)
When occurring in the 5 - aggregate existences: Arūpa-vipāka 4, Dvi-pañcaviññāṇa 10, Arahant's death-consciousness (Cuti) = 14 types.
How the 75 Cittas produce various Rūpas in Pañcavokāra existences
1. Cittas that produce *only* ordinary material phenomena (19 types):
Manodhātu 3, Tadārammaṇa 11, Rūpa - vipāka 5 = (19).
2. Cittas that produce ordinary matter and maintain bodily postures (Iriyāpatha) (26 types):
The (26) Appanā Javanas.
3. Cittas that produce ordinary matter, maintain bodily postures, and produce intimations (Viññatti) (32 types):
Votthapana 1, Kāma Javana 29, Abhiññā 2 = 32 types.
4. Cittas that produce ordinary matter, maintain bodily postures, produce intimations, and produce smiling/laughing (13 types):
Lobha - mūla Somanassa 4, Hasituppāda 1, Mahā-kusala Somanassa 4, Mahā-kiriya Somanassa 4 = 13 types.
5. (a) Cittas that produce smiling in ordinary persons (Puthujjanas) (8 types):
Lobha - mūla Somanassa 4, Mahā-kusala Somanassa 4 = 8 types.
(b) Cittas that produce smiling in Trainees (Sekkhas) (6 types):
Lobha - mūla Somanassa Diṭṭhi-vippayutta 2, Mahā-kusala Somanassa 4 = 6 types.
(c) Cittas that produce smiling in Arahants (5 types):
Mahā - kiriya Somanassa 4, Hasituppāda 1 = 5 types.
Mnemonic Poem
- Manodhātu, Tadārammaṇa, and Rūpa-vipāka — these 19 produce only Rūpa. The 26 Appanā Javanas also maintain postures. Votthapana, Kāma Javanas, and Abhiññā — these 32 also produce the two Viññattis. The 13 Somanassa cittas also produce smiling and joy.
- 8 for Puthujjanas, 6 for Sekkhas, 5 for Arahants. The distinct causes for smiling total 13 cittas. (A-che-pyu)
6. Cittas that produce ordinary matter, maintain bodily postures, produce intimations, and produce weeping/groaning (2 types):
The 2 Dosa - mūla cittas.
Matter Produced by Utu
The Tejo - dhātu (fire element) comprising cold (Sīta-tejo) and heat (Uṇha-tejo) produces 13 Utuja Rūpas internally (Ajjhattika, in living beings) at every static phase (Ṭhiti) starting from the static phase of the Paṭisandhi-citta in the Kāma and Rūpa spheres.
Externally (Bahiddha, in non - living things), it produces 10 Utuja Rūpas at every static phase.
Utuja Rūpa internally (13 types)
Avinibbhoga Rūpa 8, Pariccheda 1, Lahutādi 3, Sadda 1 = (13) types.
Utuja Rūpa externally (10 types)
Avinibbhoga Rūpa 8, Pariccheda 1, Sadda 1 = (10) types.
Matter Produced by Āhāra
The nutritive essence (Ojā) produces 12 Āhāraja Rūpas internally at every static phase once the internal Ojā and external Ojā combine.
Āhāraja Rūpa (12 types)
Avinibbhoga Rūpa 8, Pariccheda 1, Lahutādi 3 = (12) types.
Notes
There are no "Exclusive Utuja" or "Exclusive Āhāraja" Rūpas.
Rūpa produced *only* by Kamma: 9.
Rūpa produced *only* by Citta: 2 (The Viññattis).
Rūpa produced by Citta and Utu: 1 (Sadda/Sound).
Rūpa produced by Citta, Utu, and Āhāra: 3 (Lahutādi Rūpas).
Rūpa produced by all 4 causes (Kamma, Citta, Utu, Āhāra): 9 types (Avinibbhoga 8, Ākāsa/Pariccheda 1).
Rūpa not produced by any of the 4 causes: 4 types (Lakkhaṇa Rūpa 4). Therefore, they are called "Na Kutoci Samuṭṭhāna Rūpa" (Matter originating from nothing).
Exercise Questions
1. Among the 4 causes of matter, explain how Kamma produces matter.
2. List the 18 Kammaja Rūpas, categorizing them into exclusive and non-exclusive.
3. Count the cittas that can produce all three: ordinary matter, bodily postures, and intimations.
4. Comprehensively list the causes that produce the Lahutādi Rūpas.
5. Identify the material phenomena that are independent of the 4 origins.
6. Enumerate the cittas that produce smiling in Arahants.
Rūpa-kalāpa (Groups of Matter)
When material phenomena group together, they must possess 3 characteristics:
1. Ekuppāda - Arising together.
2. Ekanirodha - Ceasing together.
3. Ekanissaya - Having a common dependence/base.
Saha - vutti - Co-existing in accordance with these traits.
Notes
Here, "common dependence" refers to the 4 Mahābhūtas. If Saha-vutti is taken as a separate characteristic, there are 4 Kalāpa characteristics.
Formed according to these characteristics, there are (21) Kalāpas (material groups):
1. Kammaja Kalāpa 9
2. Cittaja Kalāpa 6
3. Utuja Kalāpa 4
4. Āhāraja Kalāpa 2 = Total 21 groups.
(a) Kammaja Kalāpa (9 Groups)
Kammaja kalāpas are formed by taking the 9 exclusive Kammaja rūpas as the base and combining them with the non-exclusive Kammaja rūpas.
1. Rūpas in Cakkhu - dasaka-kalāpa (Eye-decad group):
Cakkhu - pasāda, 8 Avinibbhoga, Jīvita = 10 types.
2. Sota - dasaka-kalāpa
3. Ghāna - dasaka-kalāpa
4. Jivhā - dasaka-kalāpa
5. Kāya - dasaka-kalāpa
6. Itthibhāva - dasaka-kalāpa
7. Pumbhāva - dasaka-kalāpa
8. Vatthu - dasaka-kalāpa
9. Rūpas in Jīvita - navaka-kalāpa (Life-nonad group):
Jīvita 1, Avinibbhoga 8 = 9 types.
Directive
Dasaka - A group of ten.
Navaka - A group of nine.
(b) Cittaja Kalāpa (6 Groups)
Cittaja kalāpas are formed by appropriately combining the 15 exclusive and non-exclusive Cittaja rūpas.
1. Rūpas in Suddhaṭṭhaka - kalāpa (Pure octad):
Avinibbhoga Rūpa (8).
2. Kāyaviññatti - navaka-kalāpa:
Avinibbhoga 8, Kāya - viññatti 1 = 9 types.
3. Saddavacīviññatti - dasaka-kalāpa:
Avinibbhoga 8, Sadda 1, Vacī - viññatti 1 = 10 types.
4. Lahutādi - ekādasaka-kalāpa:
Avinibbhoga 8, Lahutādi 3 = 11 types.
5. Kāyaviññattilahutādi - dvādasaka-kalāpa:
Avinibbhoga 8, Lahutādi 3, Kāya - viññatti 1 = 12 types.
6. Saddavacīviññattilahutādi - terasaka-kalāpa:
Avinibbhoga 8, Sadda 1, Vacī - viññatti 1, Lahutādi 3 = 13 types.
(c) Utuja Kalāpa (4 Groups)
Utuja kalāpas are formed appropriately from the 13 Utuja rūpas.
1. Suddhaṭṭhaka - kalāpa: Avinibbhoga 8.
2. Sadda - navaka-kalāpa: Avinibbhoga 8, Sadda 1 = 9 types.
3. Lahutādi - ekādasaka-kalāpa: Avinibbhoga 8, Lahutādi 3 = 11 types.
4. Saddalahutādi - dvādasaka-kalāpa: Avinibbhoga 8, Sadda 1, Lahutādi 3 = 12 types.
(d) Āhāraja Kalāpa (2 Groups)
Āhāraja kalāpas are formed appropriately from the 12 Āhāraja rūpas.
1. Suddhaṭṭhaka - kalāpa: Avinibbhoga 8.
2. Lahutādi - ekādasaka-kalāpa: Avinibbhoga 8, Lahutādi 3 = 11 types.
Distinction between Ajjhatta and Bahiddha
(a) Internally (Ajjhatta) in living beings, all 21 kalāpas are obtainable.
(b) Externally (Bahiddha) in non - living things, only 2 kalāpas are obtainable: Utuja Suddhaṭṭhaka-kalāpa and Utuja Sadda-navaka-kalāpa.
(c) Therefore, kalāpas found *only* internally are (19) groups.
Kalāpa-vimutta Rūpas (Matter free from groups)
The 5 material phenomena not included in kalāpa formations are: Pariccheda 1, Lakkhaṇa 4 = 5 types.
Exercise Questions
1. State the 4 characteristics required for forming Rūpa Kalāpas.
2. When the 18 Kammaja rūpas are grouped into kalāpas, how many kalāpas are obtained?
3. Among the 6 Cittaja kalāpas, list the material phenomena included in the Terasaka (13-fold) kalāpa.
4. When a tree is struck by lightning, name the resulting material group (kalāpa).
5. Enumerate the Kalāpa - vimutta rūpas.
Rūpa-pavattikkama (Process of Matter)
This section shows the process of material phenomena starting from the Paṭisandhi (rebirth) consciousness, the very first mind of a lifetime, down to the Cuti (death) consciousness, the final mind.
The 4 Modes of Paṭisandhi (Yoni)
1. Saṃsedaja - Moisture-born beings (arising from trees, mountains, ponds, mud, scum).
2. Opapātika - Spontaneously born beings (fully manifested at birth).
3. Jalābuja - Womb-born beings.
4. Aṇḍaja - Egg-born beings.
Directive
Jalābuja and Aṇḍaja can both be termed Gabbhaseyyaka (womb-born) beings. If combined, the rebirth types/classes of beings become 3.
Initial arising of Kalāpas at Rebirth in Kāma-bhūmi
(a) For Saṃsedaja and Opapātika beings in the Kāma-bhūmi, at the moment of rebirth, a maximum of 7 Kammaja kalāpas arise:
Cakkhu - dasaka, Sota-dasaka, Ghāna-dasaka, Jivhā-dasaka, Kāya-dasaka, Bhāva-dasaka, Vatthu-dasaka = 7.
At a minimum, 3 kalāpas arise:
Jivhā - dasaka, Kāya-dasaka, Vatthu-dasaka = 3.
The Cakkhu, Sota, Ghāna, and Bhāva dasaka kalāpas may be deficient at rebirth.
(b) For Gabbhaseyyaka beings, at the moment of rebirth, a maximum of 3 Kammaja kalāpas arise:
Kāya - dasaka, Bhāva-dasaka, Vatthu-dasaka = 3.
At a minimum, 2 kalāpas arise:
Kāya - dasaka and Vatthu-dasaka.
The Bhāva - dasaka kalāpa may be deficient at rebirth.
Initial arising of Kalāpas at Rebirth in Rūpa-bhūmi — (a) In 15 Rūpa realms (excluding Asaññasatta)
They take only Opapātika rebirth.
The attainable kalāpas are 4:
Cakkhu - dasaka, Sota-dasaka, Vatthu-dasaka, Jīvita-navaka = 4.
(b) In the Asaññasatta realm, only 1 kalāpa arises: Jīvita-navaka-kalāpa.
Notes
When stating that certain kalāpas may be deficient in the Kāma-bhūmi, it implies that due to some past unwholesome kamma committed in saṃsāra, they fail to arise during either the rebirth or lifetime process when they naturally should.
Mnemonic Poem
Deficiency in Cakkhu, Sota, Ghāna, and Bhāva occurs in Gabbha and Saṃseda. For Opapātika, only in the woeful states do Cakkhu, Sota, and Bhāva lack; in the blissful destinations (Sugati) at the start of an aeon, only the Bhāva faculty may be missing. (A-che-pyu)
Development of the Fetus (Gabbhaseyyaka) in Kāma-bhūmi
Pathamaṃ kalalaṃ hoti, kalalā hoti abbudaṃ,
Abbudā jāyate pesi, pesi nibbattate ghano,
Ghanā pasākhā jāyanti, kesā lomā nakhāpi ca.
Following the union of the father's sperm and mother's ovum:
1. In the first 7 days, the Kalala (clear fluid drop) is formed.
Along with the rebirth consciousness, 3 Kammaja kalāpas (Kāya, Bhāva, Vatthu dasakas) comprising 30 material qualities begin to arise.
2. In the second 7 days, the Abbuda (froth) forms.
3. In the third 7 days, the Pesi (lump of flesh) forms.
4. In the fourth 7 days, the Ghana (solid mass) forms.
5. In the fifth 7 days, the Pasākhā (five branches) emerge, forming five protuberances for two arms, two legs, and a head.
6. In the sixth 7 days, these branches grow and harden.
7. In the seventh 7 days, they mature further.
8. In the eighth 7 days, they continue to mature.
9. In the ninth 7 days, they continue to mature.
10. In the tenth 7 days, they are fully matured.
11. At the eleventh 7 days (77th day), the Cakkhu-dasaka, Sota-dasaka, Ghāna-dasaka, and Jivhā-dasaka kalāpas manifest.
How the Four Kinds of Matter Originate at Rebirth
1. Kammaja rūpas arise moment by moment starting from the arising phase (Uppāda) of the rebirth consciousness.
2. Cittaja rūpas arise at every arising phase of consciousness starting from the first Bhavaṅga immediately following rebirth.
3. Utuja rūpas arise continuously starting from the static phase (Ṭhiti) of the rebirth consciousness.
4. Āhāraja rūpas arise continuously once the mother's nutritive essence pervades the fetus.
These four kinds of matter proceed incessantly until the final death consciousness of the lifetime, like a continuously flowing river or a steadily burning flame.
Maraṇāsanna - How the Four Kinds of Matter Cease at Death
(a) Counting back from the death consciousness, Kammaja rūpas that arose along with the arising phase of the 17th consciousness prior to death will cease simultaneously at the dissolution phase (Bhaṅga) of the death consciousness.
From the static phase of that 17th consciousness onwards, new Kammaja rūpas no longer arise.
(b) Cittaja rūpas arise for the last time at the arising phase of the death consciousness. They cease completely about 48 minor mind-moments (equivalent to 16 major mind-moments) after the death consciousness has ceased.
(c) Āhāraja rūpas arise for the last time at the dissolution phase of the death consciousness. They vanish about 50 minor mind-moments (approx. 16.1 major mind-moments) later.
(d) For Opapātika beings, Utuja rūpas vanish instantly. For Saṃsedaja and Gabbhaseyyaka beings, they remain as corpses, eventually turning into the earth-element (dust) in stages.
The Meaning of Death
Āyu usmā ca viññāṇaṃ, yadā kāyaṃ jahantimaṃ,
Apaviddhā tadā seti, niratthaṃva kaliṅgaraṃ.
1. Āyu - Life (material and mental life faculties).
2. Usmā - Bodily heat (Tejo-dhātu).
3. Viññāṇa - Consciousness.
When these three abandon the physical body, it lies discarded, useless like a dead log, devoid of movement. This is what is called death.
Nibbāna
Nibbāna is a supramundane (Lokuttara), ultimate (Paramattha) reality (Nāma-dhamma). It is the object of the Magga and Phala knowledges.
Nibbāna = Ni + Vāna. "Vāna" implies craving (Taṇhā). The state of departure or escape from craving is called Nibbāna.
That Nibbāna is:
1. Saupādisesa Nibbāna
Nibbāna with the aggregates of clinging remaining. It is the Nibbāna experienced and attained directly in the present life by the Buddha and Arahants while they are still alive (before physical death).
2. Anupādisesa Nibbāna
Nibbāna without the aggregates of clinging remaining. It is the Nibbāna of absolute peace attained by the Buddha and Arahants after they pass away (Parinibbāna), with no physical or mental aggregates remaining.
Alternatively, 3 kinds of Nibbāna by modes:
1. Suññata Nibbāna - Void/Empty (devoid of a Self/Atta).
2. Animitta Nibbāna - Signless (free from signs or shapes).
3. Appaṇihita Nibbāna - Desireless (free from craving and clinging).
Attributes of Nibbāna
1. Accutaṃ - Deathless (free from death/cuti).
2. Accantaṃ - Endless (having transcended the end, which is death).
3. Asaṅkhataṃ - Unconditioned (not produced or constructed by the 4 causes: Kamma, Citta, Utu, Āhāra).
4. Anuttaraṃ - Supreme (having no other Dhamma superior to it).
5. Padaṃ - State/Path (the state to be reached exclusively by the Noble Ones/Ariyas).
Exercise Questions
1. Define the 4 modes of rebirth (Yoni) along with their meanings.
2. State the minimum number of kalāpas available to Saṃsedaja beings at the moment of rebirth.
3. With how many Kammaja rūpas does a Gabbhaseyyaka being take rebirth?
4. Provide the exact timing for the following regarding Kammaja rūpas:
(a) The time they first arise (b) The time they cease to arise
(c) The time they arise for the last time (d) The time they finally dissolve.
5. Provide the attributes of Nibbāna in both Pali and your native language.